Illuminations: Understanding Congruence, Similarity, and Symmetry Using Transformations and Interactive Figures

Understanding Congruence, Similarity, and Symmetry Using Transformations and Interactive Figures


Rotations; translations, or slides; and reflections, or flips, are geometric transformations that change an object’s position or orientation but not its shape or size. The interactive figures in this four-part example allow a user to manipulate a shape and observe its behavior under a particular transformation or composition of transformations. In this part, Visualizing Transformations, one can choose a transformation and apply it to a shape to observe the resulting image. In the next part, Identifying Unknown Transformations, the user is challenged to identify the transformation that has been used. In Composing Reflections, users can examine the result of reflecting a shape successively through two different lines. And in the fourth part, Composing Transformations, the users are challenged to compose equivalent transformations in two different ways. Activities like these allow students to deepen their understanding of congruence, similarity, and reflection, and they also contribute to the study of transformations, as described in the Geometry Standard.

Math Content

Students will deepen their understanding of congruence, similarity, reflection, and the study of transformations, as described in the Geometry Standard.


Individual Lessons

Lesson 1 - Visualizing Transformations

Rotations; translations, or slides; and reflections, or flips, are geometric transformations that change an object's position or orientation but not its shape or size. The interactive figures in this four-part example allow a user to manipulate a shape and observe its behavior under a particular transformation or composition of transformations. In this part, Visualizing Transformations, one can choose a transformation and apply it to a shape to observe the resulting image. In the next part, Identifying Unknown Transformations, the user is challenged to identify the transformation that has been used. In Composing Reflections, users can examine the result of reflecting a shape successively through two different lines. And in the fourth part, Composing Transformations, the users are challenged to compose equivalent transformations in two different ways. Activities like these allow students to deepen their understanding of congruence, similarity, and reflection, and they also contribute to the study of transformations, as described in the Geometry Standard.

Lesson 2 - Identifying Unknown Transformations

Rotations; translations, or slides; and reflections, or flips, are geometric transformations that change an object's position or orientation but not its shape or size. The interactive figures in this four-part example allow a user to manipulate a shape and observe its behavior under a particular transformation or composition of transformations. In the first part, Visualizing Transformations, one can choose a transformation and apply it to a shape to observe the resulting image. In this part, Identifying Unknown Transformations, the user is challenged to identify the transformation that has been used. In Composing Reflections, users can examine the result of reflecting a shape successively through two different lines. And in the fourth part, Composing Transformations, the users are challenged to compose equivalent transformations in two different ways. Activities like these allow students to deepen their understanding of congruence, similarity, and reflection, and they also contribute to the study of transformations, as described in the Geometry Standard.

Lesson 3 - Composing Reflections

Rotations; translations, or slides; and reflections, or flips, are geometric transformations that change an object's position or orientation but not its shape or size. The interactive figures in this four-part example allow a user to manipulate a shape and observe its behavior under a particular transformation or composition of transformations. In the first part, Visualizing Transformations, one can choose a transformation and apply it to a shape to observe the resulting image. In the next part, Identifying Unknown Transformations, the user is challenged to identify the transformation that has been used. In this part, Composing Reflections, users can examine the result of reflecting a shape successively through two different lines. And in the fourth part, Composing Transformations, the users are challenged to compose equivalent transformations in two different ways. Activities like these allow students to deepen their understanding of congruence, similarity, and reflection, and they also contribute to the study of transformations, as described in the Geometry Standard.

Lesson 4 - Composing Transformations

Rotations; translations, or slides; and reflections, or flips, are geometric transformations that change an object's position or orientation but not its shape or size. The interactive figures in this four-part example allow a user to manipulate a shape and observe its behavior under a particular transformation or composition of transformations. In the first part, Visualizing Transformations, one can choose a transformation and apply it to a shape to observe the resulting image. In the next part, Identifying Unknown Transformations, the user is challenged to identify the transformation that has been used. In Composing Reflections, users can examine the result of reflecting a shape successively through two different lines. And in this part, Composing Transformations, the users are challenged to compose equivalent transformations in two different ways. Activities like these allow students to deepen their understanding of congruence, similarity, and reflection, and they also contribute to the study of transformations, as described in the Geometry Standard.

NCTM Resources

Principles and Standards for School Mathematics

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